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<b>Preface</b><br> | <b>Preface</b><br> | ||
- | + | ;1 Introduction | |
- | 1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View | + | :1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View |
- | :1.2 Milestones of Display Technology | + | :1.2 Milestones of Display Technology |
- | :1.2.1 Early 1400s to Late 1800s: The Optical Era | + | ::1.2.1 Early 1400s to Late 1800s: The Optical Era |
- | :1.2.2 Late 1800s to Early 1900s: The Electromechanical Era | + | ::1.2.2 Late 1800s to Early 1900s: The Electromechanical Era |
- | :1.2.3 Early and mid-1900s: The Electronic Era | + | ::1.2.3 Early and mid-1900s: The Electronic Era |
- | :1.2.4 Late 1900s to Early 2000s: The Digital Era | + | ::1.2.4 Late 1900s to Early 2000s: The Digital Era |
- | :1.2.5 The Fascination of Three Dimensions | + | ::1.2.5 The Fascination of Three Dimensions |
- | 1.3 Organization of the Book | + | :1.3 Organization of the Book |
- | + | ;2 Fundamentals of Light | |
- | 2.1 Introduction | + | :2.1 Introduction |
- | 2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation | + | :2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation |
- | 2.3 Principles of Light Generation | + | :2.3 Principles of Light Generation |
- | 2.4 Measuring Light | + | ::2.3.1 Thermal Radiation |
- | 2.5 Physics of Light | + | ::2.3.2 Applications of Thermal Radiation Laws |
- | 2.6 Summary | + | ::2.3.3 Open Systems and the Greenhouse Effect |
+ | ::2.3.4 Color Temperature | ||
+ | ::2.3.5 Bremsstrahlung | ||
+ | ::2.3.6 Photon Energies | ||
+ | ::2.3.7 Electron Excitation | ||
+ | ::2.3.8 Gas Discharge | ||
+ | ::2.3.9 Electroluminescence | ||
+ | :2.4 Measuring Light | ||
+ | ::2.4.1 Radiometry | ||
+ | ::2.4.2 Photometry | ||
+ | :2.5 Physics of Light | ||
+ | ::2.5.1 Interference | ||
+ | ::2.5.2 Quantum Effects | ||
+ | ::2.5.3 Fourier Spectrum | ||
+ | ::2.5.4 Radiation Processes Revisited | ||
+ | ::2.5.5 Tunneling | ||
+ | ::2.5.6 Quantum Dots | ||
+ | ::2.5.7 Polarization | ||
+ | ::2.5.8 Circular Polarization | ||
+ | :2.6 Summary | ||
- | + | ;3 Principles of Optics | |
- | 3.1 Introduction | + | :3.1 Introduction |
- | 3.2 Wave Optics | + | :3.2 Wave Optics |
- | 3.3 Geometric Optics | + | :3.3 Geometric Optics |
- | 3.4 Formation of Point Images | + | ::3.3.1 Light Modulation |
- | 3.5 Lasers | + | ::3.3.2 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Media |
- | 3.6 The Plenoptic Function | + | ::3.3.3 Snell’s Law Vectorized |
- | 3.7 Summary | + | :3.4 Formation of Point Images |
+ | ::3.4.1 Reflective Optics | ||
+ | ::3.4.2 Refractive Optics | ||
+ | ::3.4.3 Properties of Optical Systems | ||
+ | :3.5 Lasers | ||
+ | ::3.5.1 Stimulated Emission | ||
+ | ::3.5.2 Laser Beam Divergence | ||
+ | :3.6 The Plenoptic Function | ||
+ | :3.7 Summary | ||
- | + | ;Basics of Visual Perception | |
- | 4.1 Introduction | + | :4.1 Introduction |
- | 4.2 The Human Visual System | + | :4.2 The Human Visual System |
- | 4.3 Colorimetry | + | ::4.2.1 The Eye as an Optical System |
- | 4.4 Depth Perception | + | ::4.2.2 Saccades |
- | 4.5 Motion Pictures | + | ::4.2.3 Temporal Response |
- | 4.6 Summary | + | ::4.2.4 Contrast and Dynamic Range |
+ | ::4.2.5 Resolution | ||
+ | :4.3 Colorimetry | ||
+ | ::4.3.1 CIE Color-Matching Functions | ||
+ | ::4.3.2 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram | ||
+ | ::4.3.3 Color Separation of the Eye | ||
+ | ::4.3.4 Color Recording | ||
+ | ::4.3.5 Neuro-Physiological Results | ||
+ | :4.4 Depth Perception | ||
+ | ::4.4.1 The Human Visual Field | ||
+ | ::4.4.2 Depth Cues | ||
+ | ::4.4.3 Stereo Picture Recording | ||
+ | :4.5 Motion Pictures | ||
+ | ::4.5.1 Displays and Motion Blur | ||
+ | ::4.5.2 Film Projection | ||
+ | :4.6 Summary | ||
- | + | ;5 Holographic Principles | |
- | 5.1 Introduction | + | :5.1 Introduction |
- | 5.2 Holography: A Summary | + | :5.2 Holography: A Summary |
- | 5.3 Interference and Diffraction | + | ::5.2.1 Holographic Object Recognition |
- | 5.4 Holographic Optical Elements (HOE) | + | ::5.2.2 A Basic Hologram Setup |
- | 5.5 Optical Holography | + | :5.3 Interference and Diffraction |
- | 5.6 Summary | + | ::5.3.1 The Grating Equation |
+ | ::5.3.2 Holographic Point Formation in Detail | ||
+ | ::5.3.3 Phase Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.3.4 Embossed Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.3.5 Color Dispersion | ||
+ | ::5.3.6 Volume Gratings | ||
+ | ::5.3.7 Hologram Efficiency | ||
+ | ::5.3.8 Holograms and Displays – Basic Considerations | ||
+ | ::5.3.9 Temporal Coherence | ||
+ | ::5.3.10 Spatial Coherence | ||
+ | ::5.3.11 Laser Speckle | ||
+ | :5.4 Holographic Optical Elements (HOE) | ||
+ | ::5.4.1 Head-Up Displays | ||
+ | ::5.4.2 Construction of a HOE | ||
+ | ::5.4.3 HOE Angular and Frequency Response | ||
+ | ::5.4.4 HOEs vs. Conventional Optics | ||
+ | ::5.4.5 Camera Lenses with HOEs | ||
+ | ::5.4.6 Virtual HOEs | ||
+ | ::5.4.7 Spatial Light Modulators | ||
+ | ::5.4.8 Beam Splitters and Diverters | ||
+ | ::5.4.9 Holographic Projection Screens | ||
+ | ::5.4.10 Visual Perception of Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.4.11 Keyhole Holograms | ||
+ | :5.5 Optical Holography | ||
+ | ::5.5.1 Optical Distortion | ||
+ | ::5.5.2 Transmission Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.5.3 Reflection Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.5.4 Rainbow Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.5.5 Color Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.5.6 Multichannel Holograms | ||
+ | ::5.5.7 Holographic Stereograms | ||
+ | ::5.5.8 Digital Volumetric Holograms | ||
+ | :5.6 Summary | ||
- | + | ;6 Display Basics | |
- | 6.1 Introduction | + | :6.1 Introduction |
- | 6.2 Fundamental Measures | + | :6.2 Fundamental Measures |
- | 6.3 Color and Intensity Production | + | ::6.2.1 Resolution |
- | 6.4 Signal and Image Processing | + | ::6.2.2 Interlacing |
- | 6.5 Electronics | + | ::6.2.3 TV Standards |
- | 6.6 Assembly | + | ::6.2.4 Display Resolution and Motion |
- | 6.7 Power Consumption | + | ::6.2.5 Brightness |
- | 6.8 Summary | + | ::6.2.6 Contrast and Dynamic Range |
+ | ::6.2.7 Gamma | ||
+ | ::6.2.8 Geometry | ||
+ | ::6.2.9 Angular Range | ||
+ | ::6.2.10 Speed | ||
+ | :6.3 Color and Intensity Production | ||
+ | ::6.3.1 Color Gamut | ||
+ | ::6.3.2 Wide-Color-Gamut Displays | ||
+ | ::6.3.3 Multicolor Displays | ||
+ | ::6.3.4 Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing | ||
+ | ::6.3.5 YUV-Formats | ||
+ | ::6.3.6 Dyes and Filters | ||
+ | ::6.3.7 Light Sources | ||
+ | ::6.3.8 Luminescent vs. Light Valve Displays | ||
+ | ::6.3.9 Test Pictures | ||
+ | :6.4 Signal and Image Processing | ||
+ | ::6.4.1 Signal Transmission | ||
+ | ::6.4.2 The Sampling Theorem | ||
+ | ::6.4.3 Tonal Resolution, Signal Noise, and Transfer Function | ||
+ | ::6.4.4 Antialiasing | ||
+ | ::6.4.5 Moire | ||
+ | ::6.4.6 Resizing | ||
+ | ::6.4.7 Noise Reduction | ||
+ | ::6.4.8 Image Compression | ||
+ | ::6.4.9 Deinterlacing | ||
+ | :6.5 Electronics | ||
+ | ::6.5.1 Semiconductors | ||
+ | ::6.5.2 Passive Matrix Displays | ||
+ | ::6.5.3 Multiplexing and Connection | ||
+ | ::6.5.4 Active Matrix Displays | ||
+ | ::6.5.5 Smart Displays | ||
+ | :6.6 Assembly | ||
+ | ::6.6.1 Panel Construction | ||
+ | ::6.6.2 Backlighting | ||
+ | ::6.6.3 Antireflective Coatings | ||
+ | ::6.6.4 Touch Screens | ||
+ | ::6.6.5 Flexible Electronics | ||
+ | ::6.6.6 Transparent Electronics | ||
+ | ::6.6.7 Printed Displays | ||
+ | :6.7 Power Consumption | ||
+ | :6.8 Summary | ||
- | + | ;Spatial Light Modulation | |
- | 7.1 Introduction | + | :7.1 Introduction |
- | 7.2 Transmissive Displays | + | :7.2 Transmissive Displays |
- | 7.3 Reflective Displays | + | ::7.2.1 LCD |
- | 7.4 Transflective Displays | + | ::7.2.2 FLC |
- | 7.5 Transparent Backlight Displays | + | ::7.2.3 TMOS |
- | 7.6 Emissive Displays | + | ::7.2.4 Dyed Guest Host Displays |
- | 7.7 Tiled Displays | + | ::7.2.5 Other |
- | 7.8 High Dynamic Range Displays | + | :7.3 Reflective Displays |
- | 7.9 Bidirectional Displays | + | ::7.3.1 LCoS |
- | 7.10 Projection Displays | + | ::7.3.2 Bi-Stable LC displays |
- | 7.11 Summary | + | ::7.3.3 DMD |
+ | ::7.3.4 Advanced Driving Techniques | ||
+ | ::7.3.5 PISTON-Type Micromirror Displays | ||
+ | ::7.3.6 MLM | ||
+ | ::7.3.7 GLV | ||
+ | ::7.3.8 Polymer Displays | ||
+ | ::7.3.9 E-Ink | ||
+ | ::7.3.10 Electrowetting Displays | ||
+ | ::7.3.11 Electrofluidic Displays | ||
+ | ::7.3.12 iMOD Displays | ||
+ | ::7.3.13 Refractive Index Modulation | ||
+ | ::7.3.14 Electronic Paper | ||
+ | :7.4 Transflective Displays | ||
+ | :7.5 Transparent Backlight Displays | ||
+ | :7.6 Emissive Displays | ||
+ | ::7.6.1 CRT | ||
+ | ::7.6.2 FED and SED | ||
+ | ::7.6.3 Plasma Displays | ||
+ | ::7.6.4 Electroluminescence Displays | ||
+ | ::7.6.5 LED | ||
+ | ::7.6.6 OLED | ||
+ | ::7.6.7 Vacuum Fluorescence Displays | ||
+ | ::7.6.8 Cold Cathode Tubes | ||
+ | :7.7 Tiled Displays | ||
+ | :7.8 High Dynamic Range Displays | ||
+ | ::7.8.1 Rendering for HDR LCD Displays | ||
+ | :7.9 Bidirectional Displays | ||
+ | :7.10 Projection Displays | ||
+ | ::7.10.1 Projector Optics Overview | ||
+ | ::7.10.2 Projection Lenses | ||
+ | ::7.10.3 Projector Lamps | ||
+ | ::7.10.4 CRT and OLED Projectors | ||
+ | ::7.10.5 LCD Projectors | ||
+ | ::7.10.6 DLP and GLV Projectors | ||
+ | ::7.10.7 Eidophor Projector | ||
+ | ::7.10.8 Dichroic Combiners | ||
+ | ::7.10.9 Fourier Holographic Projector | ||
+ | ::7.10.10 Projection Screens | ||
+ | ::7.10.11 Rear Projection | ||
+ | ::7.10.12 Wedge Displays | ||
+ | ::7.10.13 Collimated Displays | ||
+ | ::7.10.14 Laser Projectors | ||
+ | ::7.10.15 Beam Deflection Modes | ||
+ | :7.11 Summary | ||
- | + | ;8 Projector-Camera Systems | |
- | 8.1 Introduction | + | :8.1 Introduction |
- | 8.2 Challenges of Non-optimized Surfaces | + | :8.2 Challenges of Non-optimized Surfaces |
- | 8.3 Geometric Registration | + | :8.3 Geometric Registration |
- | 8.4 Radiometric Compensation | + | ::8.3.1 Uniformly Colored Surfaces of Known Geometry |
- | 8.5 Correcting Complex Light Modulations | + | ::8.3.2 Textured Surfaces and Surfaces of Unknown Geometry |
- | 8.6 Overcoming Technical Limitations | + | ::8.3.3 Embedded Structured Light |
- | 8.7 Summary | + | :8.4 Radiometric Compensation |
+ | ::8.4.1 Static Techniques | ||
+ | ::8.4.2 Dynamic Surfaces and Configurations | ||
+ | ::8.4.3 Dynamic Image Adaptation | ||
+ | ::8.4.4 Enhancing Contrast | ||
+ | :8.5 Correcting Complex Light Modulations | ||
+ | ::8.5.1 Interreflections | ||
+ | ::8.5.2 Specular Reflections | ||
+ | ::8.5.3 Radiometric Compensation through Inverse Light Transport | ||
+ | :8.6 Overcoming Technical Limitations | ||
+ | ::8.6.1 Increasing Depth of Field | ||
+ | ::8.6.2 Super-Resolution | ||
+ | ::8.6.3 High Dynamic Range | ||
+ | ::8.6.4 High Speed | ||
+ | :8.7 Summary | ||
- | + | ;9 Three-Dimensional Displays | |
- | 9.1 Introduction | + | :9.1 Introduction |
- | 9.2 Three-Dimensional Displays: Basic Considerations | + | :9.2 Three-Dimensional Displays: Basic Considerations |
- | 9.3 Spatial Stereoscopic Displays | + | ::9.2.1 Orientation |
- | 9.4 Autostereoscopic Displays | + | ::9.2.2 Distance and Depth |
- | 9.5 Light | + | ::9.2.3 Perspective |
- | 9.6 Computer-Generated Holograms | + | ::9.2.4 3D: Screen Size Matters |
- | 9.7 3D Media Encoding | + | ::9.2.5 Toward Light Field Displays |
- | 9.8 Summary | + | :9.3 Spatial Stereoscopic Displays |
+ | ::9.3.1 Stereo-Channel Separation | ||
+ | ::9.3.2 Projection Screens 347 | ||
+ | ::9.3.3 Screen Configurations and Rendering | ||
+ | ::9.3.4 Stereoscopic Multiviewer Techniques | ||
+ | :9.4 Autostereoscopic Displays | ||
+ | ::9.4.1 Parallax Displays | ||
+ | ::9.4.2 Volumetric Displays | ||
+ | :9.5 Light Field Displays | ||
+ | ::9.5.1 Parameterization | ||
+ | ::9.5.2 Light Fields vs. Holograms | ||
+ | ::9.5.3 Light Field Focus Synthesis | ||
+ | ::9.5.4 Depth of Field and Light Field Recording | ||
+ | ::9.5.5 Light Field Display Implementations | ||
+ | ::9.5.6 An Adaptive Approach to Light Field Displays | ||
+ | :9.6 Computer-Generated Holograms | ||
+ | ::9.6.1 Displaying Computed Fringe Patterns | ||
+ | ::9.6.2 Computing a Hologram | ||
+ | ::9.6.3 Fourier Hologram Synthesis | ||
+ | ::9.6.4 Adaptive Holographic Displays | ||
+ | :9.7 3D Media Encoding | ||
+ | ::9.7.1 Light Field Encoding | ||
+ | ::9.7.2 Camera Array (Multiview) Encoding | ||
+ | ::9.7.3 Holographic Millimeter-Wave Encoding | ||
+ | :9.8 Summary | ||
- | + | ;10 Near-Eye Displays | |
- | 10.1 Introduction | + | :10.1 Introduction |
- | 10.2 Eye Physiology | + | :10.2 Eye Physiology |
- | 10.3 Brightness and Power Consumption | + | :10.3 Brightness and Power Consumption |
- | 10.4 Display Technologies for Near-Eye Displays | + | :10.4 Display Technologies for Near-Eye Displays |
- | 10.5 Examples of Near-Eye Displays | + | :10.5 Examples of Near-Eye Displays |
- | 10.6 Combiner Mirrors | + | ::10.5.1 View-Covering Displays |
- | 10.7 Optics Design | + | ::10.5.2 Semicovering Displays |
- | 10.8 On-Axis NED | + | ::10.5.3 Optical See-Through Displays |
- | 10.9 Laser Displays | + | ::10.5.4 Additional Components |
- | 10.10 Smart Near-Eye Displays | + | :10.6 Combiner Mirrors |
- | 10.11 Focus and Accommodation | + | ::10.6.1 Dichroic Combiners |
- | 10.12 Light Field NED | + | ::10.6.2 Holographic Combiners |
- | 10.13 Holographic Image Generation for NED | + | ::10.6.3 Diffractive Combiners |
- | 10.14 Advanced HOE Designs | + | :10.7 Optics Design |
- | 10.15 Contact Lens Displays | + | ::10.7.1 Self-Adaptation (Collimated Near-Eye Display) |
- | 10.16 Adaptive Displays and Eye Tracking | + | ::10.7.2 Exit Pupil |
- | 10.17 Image Integration | + | ::10.7.3 Freeform Optics |
- | 10.18 Summary | + | ::10.7.4 Freeform Displays |
+ | ::10.7.5 A Straightforward Mirror Synthesis | ||
+ | :10.8 On-Axis NED | ||
+ | :10.9 Laser Displays | ||
+ | ::10.9.1 A Classical Laser Scanner Design | ||
+ | ::10.9.2 Laser Display with Curved Mirror | ||
+ | ::10.9.3 Exit Pupil with Laser Scanners | ||
+ | ::10.9.4 Multi Resolution Scanners | ||
+ | :10.10 Smart Near-Eye Displays | ||
+ | ::10.10.1 Smart Displays for Fast Motion Response | ||
+ | ::10.10.2 Multi Resolution Smart Displays | ||
+ | :10.11 Focus and Accommodation | ||
+ | ::10.11.1 Ghost Objects | ||
+ | :10.12 Light Field NED | ||
+ | ::10.12.1 Parallax Barrier NED | ||
+ | ::10.12.2 Bragg Mirror Array NED | ||
+ | ::10.12.3 The Pinlight Display | ||
+ | :10.13 Holographic Image Generation for NED | ||
+ | ::10.13.1 Holographic Scanners | ||
+ | ::10.13.2 Holographic Near-Eye Displays | ||
+ | :10.14 Advanced HOE Designs | ||
+ | ::10.14.1 Wave Guides | ||
+ | ::10.14.2 The Quantum Display | ||
+ | ::10.14.3 A Multiple Depth Plane Display | ||
+ | :10.15 Contact Lens Displays | ||
+ | ::10.15.1 Contact Lens Supported Displays | ||
+ | :10.16 Adaptive Displays and Eye Tracking | ||
+ | ::10.16.1 Adaptation Requirements | ||
+ | ::10.16.2 Eye Tracking | ||
+ | ::10.16.3 Retina Tracking | ||
+ | ::10.16.4 Dynamic Image Linearization | ||
+ | ::10.16.5 Micromotors | ||
+ | :10.17 Image Integration | ||
+ | ::10.17.1 Optical Compensation | ||
+ | ::10.17.2 Eyetaps and Video-See-Through | ||
+ | ::10.17.3 Mask Displays | ||
+ | :10.18 Summary | ||
- | + | ;11 Discussion and Outlook | |
- | 11.1 Introduction | + | :11.1 Introduction |
- | 11.2 Next Steps in Display Technology | + | :11.2 Next Steps in Display Technology |
- | 11.3 A Short Reflection on Displays | + | :11.3 A Short Reflection on Displays |
- | 11.4 Brain-Computer Interfaces -- The Ultimate Solution? | + | :11.4 Brain-Computer Interfaces -- The Ultimate Solution? |
- | 11.5 Conclusion | + | ::11.4.1 Retinal Implants |
+ | ::11.4.2 Neural Implants | ||
+ | ::11.4.3 Nanobots | ||
+ | :11.5 Conclusion | ||
- | + | ;Appendix (2nd edition) - Perceptual Display Calibration (by Rafa l K. Mantiuk) | |
- | 1 Display Models | + | :1 Display Models |
- | 2 Visual Display Calibration | + | ::1.1 Gamma and sRGB |
- | 3 Contrast Sensitivity | + | ::1.2 Color transformation |
- | 4 Quantization and Bit-Depth | + | ::1.3 Gamma-offset-gain model |
- | 5 Summary | + | ::1.4 Other display models |
+ | :2 Visual Display Calibration | ||
+ | ::2.1 Gamma calibration | ||
+ | ::2.2 Color calibration | ||
+ | :3 Contrast Sensitivity | ||
+ | ::3.1 Contrast constancy | ||
+ | ::3.2 Thresholds across the luminance range | ||
+ | :4 Quantization and Bit-Depth | ||
+ | ::4.1 Quantization errors | ||
+ | ::4.2 Perceptual transfer functions | ||
+ | :5 Summary | ||
- | + | ;Appendix (1st edition) - Image Processing for Displays (by Anselm Grundhöfer) | |
- | A. The Fixed-Function Graphics Pipeline | + | :A. The Fixed-Function Graphics Pipeline |
- | B. The Programmable Graphics Pipeline | + | :B. The Programmable Graphics Pipeline |
- | C. Graphics Hardware | + | :C. Graphics Hardware |
- | D. GPU Programming Languages | + | :D. GPU Programming Languages |
- | E. An Introduction to GPU Programming by Example | + | :E. An Introduction to GPU Programming by Example |
- | F. The Swiss Army Knife of GPU Image Processing | + | :F. The Swiss Army Knife of GPU Image Processing |
- | + | ;Bibliography | |
- | + | ;Index | |
<br> | <br> |
In the last decade, new displays have been developed at an ever-increasing pace: bulky cathode ray tubes have been replaced by flat panels and mobile phones, tablets, and navigation systems have proliferated. Seeing this explosion raises tantalizing questions about the future evolution of visual displays:
Displays: Fundamentals and Applications begins by presenting the basics of wave optics, geometric optics, light modulation, visual perception, and display measures, along with the principles of holography. It then describes the technology and techniques behind projection displays, projector-camera systems, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, computer-generated holography, and near-eye displays. In addition, the authors discuss how real-time computer graphics and computer vision enable the visualization of graphical 2D and 3D content. The text is complemented by more than 400 rich illustrations, which give readers a clear understanding of existing and emerging display technology.
Preface