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From DisplaysBook
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= Table of Contents =
= Table of Contents =
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<b>Preface xi</b>
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<b>Preface xi</b><br>
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1 Introduction 1
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<b>1 Introduction 1</b><br>
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1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Milestones of Display Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Milestones of Display Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Revision as of 05:20, 19 May 2011

Summary

In the last decade, new displays have been developed at an ever-increasing pace: bulky cathode ray tubes have been replaced by flat panels and mobile phones, tablets, and navigation systems have proliferated. Seeing this explosion raises tantalizing questions about the future evolution of visual displays:

  • Will interactive 3D experiences replace passive 2D ones?
  • Will pixels die out and be replaced by voxels or hogels?
  • Will printed displays be sold by the square yard and glued to the wall?
  • Will disposable displays, powered by printed batteries and with built-in storage chips, talk to us from cereal boxes?
  • Will chip implants directly interface to our brains, eliminating the need for any displays at all?

Displays: Fundamentals and Applications begins by presenting the basics of wave optics, geometric optics, light modulation, visual perception, and display measures, along with the principles of holography. It then describes the technology and techniques behind projection displays, projector-camera systems, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, computer-generated holography, and near-eye displays. In addition, the authors discuss how real-time computer graphics and computer vision enable the visualization of graphical 2D and 3D content. The text is complemented by more than 400 rich illustrations, which give readers a clear understanding of existing and emerging display technology.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
1 Introduction 1

1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Milestones of Display Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Fundamentals of Light 15 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 Principles of Light Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4 Measuring Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5 Physics of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3 Principles of Optics 61 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2 Wave Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3 Geometric Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4 Formation of Point Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.5 Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4 Basics of Visual Perception 99 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.2 The Human Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3 Colorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.4 Depth Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4.5 Motion Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5 Holographic Principles 131 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.2 Holography: A Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.3 Interference and Di�raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.4 Holographic Optical Elements (HOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.5 Optical Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 6 Display Basics 187 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.2 Fundamental Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.3 Color and Intensity Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.4 Signal and Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 6.5 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 6.6 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 7 Spatial Light Modulation 253 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 7.2 Transmissive Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 7.3 Re�ective Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 7.4 Trans�ective Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 7.5 Emissive Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 7.6 High Dynamic Range Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 7.7 Bidirectional Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 7.8 Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 7.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 8 ProjectorCamera Systems 321 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 8.2 Challenges of Nonoptimized Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 8.3 Geometric Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 8.4 Radiometric Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 8.5 Correcting Complex Light Modulations . . . . . . . . . . . 343 8.6 Overcoming Technical Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 8.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 9 ThreeDimensional Displays 367 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 9.2 Three-Dimensional Displays: Basic Considerations . . . . . 369 9.3 Spatial Stereoscopic Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 9.4 Autostereoscopic Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 9.5 Light-Field Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 9.6 Computer-Generated Holograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 9.7 3D Media Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 9.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 10 NearEye Displays 439 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 10.2 Eye Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 10.3 Brightness and Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 10.4 Display Technologies for Near-Eye Displays . . . . . . . . . 445 10.5 Examples of Near-Eye Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 10.6 Optical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 10.7 Laser Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 10.8 Focus and Accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 10.9 Holographic Image Generation for NED . . . . . . . . . . . 468 10.10Optical Combiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 10.11Contact Lens Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 10.12Adaptive Displays and Eye Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 10.13Image Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 10.14Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 11 Discussion and Outlook 505 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 11.2 Next Steps in Display Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 11.3 A Short Re�ection on Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 11.4 Brain-Computer Interfaces�The Ultimate Solution? . . . . . 508 Image Processing for Displays 517 A. The Fixed-Function Graphics Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 B. The Programmable Graphics Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 C. Graphics Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 D. GPU Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 E. An Introduction to GPU Programming by Example . . . . 527 F. The Swiss Army Knife of GPU Image Processing . . . . . . 529 Bibliography 547 Index 566

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