Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
<b>Preface xi</b><br> | <b>Preface xi</b><br> | ||
<b>1 Introduction 1</b><br> | <b>1 Introduction 1</b><br> | ||
- | + | 1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View<br> | |
- | + | 1.2 Milestones of Display Technology<br> | |
- | + | 1.3 Organization of the Book<br> | |
2 Fundamentals of Light 15 | 2 Fundamentals of Light 15 | ||
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 | 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 |
In the last decade, new displays have been developed at an ever-increasing pace: bulky cathode ray tubes have been replaced by flat panels and mobile phones, tablets, and navigation systems have proliferated. Seeing this explosion raises tantalizing questions about the future evolution of visual displays:
Displays: Fundamentals and Applications begins by presenting the basics of wave optics, geometric optics, light modulation, visual perception, and display measures, along with the principles of holography. It then describes the technology and techniques behind projection displays, projector-camera systems, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, computer-generated holography, and near-eye displays. In addition, the authors discuss how real-time computer graphics and computer vision enable the visualization of graphical 2D and 3D content. The text is complemented by more than 400 rich illustrations, which give readers a clear understanding of existing and emerging display technology.
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View
1.2 Milestones of Display Technology
1.3 Organization of the Book
2 Fundamentals of Light 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Principles of Light Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Measuring Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5 Physics of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3 Principles of Optics 61
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 Wave Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3 Geometric Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4 Formation of Point Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.5 Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4 Basics of Visual Perception 99
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2 The Human Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.3 Colorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4 Depth Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.5 Motion Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5 Holographic Principles 131
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.2 Holography: A Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.3 Interference and Di�raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.4 Holographic Optical Elements (HOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.5 Optical Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6 Display Basics 187
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.2 Fundamental Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.3 Color and Intensity Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.4 Signal and Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.5 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.6 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
7 Spatial Light Modulation 253
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.2 Transmissive Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.3 Re�ective Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.4 Trans�ective Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
7.5 Emissive Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.6 High Dynamic Range Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.7 Bidirectional Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.8 Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
7.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8 ProjectorCamera
Systems 321
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
8.2 Challenges of Nonoptimized Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
8.3 Geometric Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
8.4 Radiometric Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.5 Correcting Complex Light Modulations . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.6 Overcoming Technical Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
8.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
9 ThreeDimensional
Displays 367
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
9.2 Three-Dimensional Displays: Basic Considerations . . . . . 369
9.3 Spatial Stereoscopic Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
9.4 Autostereoscopic Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
9.5 Light-Field Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
9.6 Computer-Generated Holograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
9.7 3D Media Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
9.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
10 NearEye
Displays 439
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
10.2 Eye Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
10.3 Brightness and Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
10.4 Display Technologies for Near-Eye Displays . . . . . . . . . 445
10.5 Examples of Near-Eye Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
10.6 Optical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.7 Laser Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
10.8 Focus and Accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
10.9 Holographic Image Generation for NED . . . . . . . . . . . 468
10.10Optical Combiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
10.11Contact Lens Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
10.12Adaptive Displays and Eye Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
10.13Image Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
10.14Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
11 Discussion and Outlook 505
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
11.2 Next Steps in Display Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
11.3 A Short Re�ection on Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
11.4 Brain-Computer Interfaces�The Ultimate Solution? . . . . . 508
Image Processing for Displays 517
A. The Fixed-Function Graphics Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
B. The Programmable Graphics Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
C. Graphics Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
D. GPU Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
E. An Introduction to GPU Programming by Example . . . . 527
F. The Swiss Army Knife of GPU Image Processing . . . . . . 529
Bibliography 547
Index 566