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:5.6 Summary
:5.6 Summary
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<b>6 Display Basics</b><br>
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;6 Display Basics
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6.1 Introduction<br>
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:6.1 Introduction
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6.2 Fundamental Measures<br>
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:6.2 Fundamental Measures
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6.3 Color and Intensity Production<br>
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::6.2.1 Resolution
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6.4 Signal and Image Processing<br>
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::6.2.2 Interlacing
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6.5 Electronics<br>
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::6.2.3 TV Standards
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6.6 Assembly<br>
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::6.2.4 Display Resolution and Motion
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6.7 Power Consumption<br>
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::6.2.5 Brightness
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6.8 Summary<br>
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::6.2.6 Contrast and Dynamic Range
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::6.2.7 Gamma
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::6.2.8 Geometry
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::6.2.9 Angular Range
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::6.2.10 Speed
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:6.3 Color and Intensity Production
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::6.3.1 Color Gamut
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::6.3.2 Wide-Color-Gamut Displays
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::6.3.3 Multicolor Displays
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::6.3.4 Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing
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::6.3.5 YUV-Formats
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::6.3.6 Dyes and Filters
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::6.3.7 Light Sources
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::6.3.8 Luminescent vs. Light Valve Displays
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::6.3.9 Test Pictures
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:6.4 Signal and Image Processing
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::6.4.1 Signal Transmission
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::6.4.2 The Sampling Theorem
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::6.4.3 Tonal Resolution, Signal Noise, and Transfer Function
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::6.4.4 Antialiasing
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::6.4.5 Moire
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::6.4.6 Resizing
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::6.4.7 Noise Reduction
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::6.4.8 Image Compression
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::6.4.9 Deinterlacing
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:6.5 Electronics
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::6.5.1 Semiconductors
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::6.5.2 Passive Matrix Displays
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::6.5.3 Multiplexing and Connection
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::6.5.4 Active Matrix Displays
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::6.5.5 Smart Displays
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:6.6 Assembly
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::6.6.1 Panel Construction
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::6.6.2 Backlighting
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::6.6.3 Antireflective Coatings
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::6.6.4 Touch Screens
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::6.6.5 Flexible Electronics
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::6.6.6 Transparent Electronics
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::6.6.7 Printed Displays
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:6.7 Power Consumption
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:6.8 Summary
<b>Spatial Light Modulation</b><br>
<b>Spatial Light Modulation</b><br>

Revision as of 14:22, 1 June 2016

Summary

In the last decade, new displays have been developed at an ever-increasing pace: bulky cathode ray tubes have been replaced by flat panels and mobile phones, tablets, and navigation systems have proliferated. Seeing this explosion raises tantalizing questions about the future evolution of visual displays:

  • Will interactive 3D experiences replace passive 2D ones?
  • Will pixels die out and be replaced by voxels or hogels?
  • Will printed displays be sold by the square yard and glued to the wall?
  • Will disposable displays, powered by printed batteries and with built-in storage chips, talk to us from cereal boxes?
  • Will chip implants directly interface to our brains, eliminating the need for any displays at all?

Displays: Fundamentals and Applications begins by presenting the basics of wave optics, geometric optics, light modulation, visual perception, and display measures, along with the principles of holography. It then describes the technology and techniques behind projection displays, projector-camera systems, stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, computer-generated holography, and near-eye displays. In addition, the authors discuss how real-time computer graphics and computer vision enable the visualization of graphical 2D and 3D content. The text is complemented by more than 400 rich illustrations, which give readers a clear understanding of existing and emerging display technology.

Table of Contents

Preface

1 Introduction
1.1 Displays: A Bird's-Eye View
1.2 Milestones of Display Technology
1.2.1 Early 1400s to Late 1800s: The Optical Era
1.2.2 Late 1800s to Early 1900s: The Electromechanical Era
1.2.3 Early and mid-1900s: The Electronic Era
1.2.4 Late 1900s to Early 2000s: The Digital Era
1.2.5 The Fascination of Three Dimensions
1.3 Organization of the Book
2 Fundamentals of Light
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
2.3 Principles of Light Generation
2.3.1 Thermal Radiation
2.3.2 Applications of Thermal Radiation Laws
2.3.3 Open Systems and the Greenhouse Effect
2.3.4 Color Temperature
2.3.5 Bremsstrahlung
2.3.6 Photon Energies
2.3.7 Electron Excitation
2.3.8 Gas Discharge
2.3.9 Electroluminescence
2.4 Measuring Light
2.4.1 Radiometry
2.4.2 Photometry
2.5 Physics of Light
2.5.1 Interference
2.5.2 Quantum Effects
2.5.3 Fourier Spectrum
2.5.4 Radiation Processes Revisited
2.5.5 Tunneling
2.5.6 Quantum Dots
2.5.7 Polarization
2.5.8 Circular Polarization
2.6 Summary
3 Principles of Optics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wave Optics
3.3 Geometric Optics
3.3.1 Light Modulation
3.3.2 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Media
3.3.3 Snell’s Law Vectorized
3.4 Formation of Point Images
3.4.1 Reflective Optics
3.4.2 Refractive Optics
3.4.3 Properties of Optical Systems
3.5 Lasers
3.5.1 Stimulated Emission
3.5.2 Laser Beam Divergence
3.6 The Plenoptic Function
3.7 Summary
Basics of Visual Perception
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Human Visual System
4.2.1 The Eye as an Optical System
4.2.2 Saccades
4.2.3 Temporal Response
4.2.4 Contrast and Dynamic Range
4.2.5 Resolution
4.3 Colorimetry
4.3.1 CIE Color-Matching Functions
4.3.2 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram
4.3.3 Color Separation of the Eye
4.3.4 Color Recording
4.3.5 Neuro-Physiological Results
4.4 Depth Perception
4.4.1 The Human Visual Field
4.4.2 Depth Cues
4.4.3 Stereo Picture Recording
4.5 Motion Pictures
4.5.1 Displays and Motion Blur
4.5.2 Film Projection
4.6 Summary
5 Holographic Principles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Holography: A Summary
5.2.1 Holographic Object Recognition
5.2.2 A Basic Hologram Setup
5.3 Interference and Diffraction
5.3.1 The Grating Equation
5.3.2 Holographic Point Formation in Detail
5.3.3 Phase Holograms
5.3.4 Embossed Holograms
5.3.5 Color Dispersion
5.3.6 Volume Gratings
5.3.7 Hologram Efficiency
5.3.8 Holograms and Displays – Basic Considerations
5.3.9 Temporal Coherence
5.3.10 Spatial Coherence
5.3.11 Laser Speckle
5.4 Holographic Optical Elements (HOE)
5.4.1 Head-Up Displays
5.4.2 Construction of a HOE
5.4.3 HOE Angular and Frequency Response
5.4.4 HOEs vs. Conventional Optics
5.4.5 Camera Lenses with HOEs
5.4.6 Virtual HOEs
5.4.7 Spatial Light Modulators
5.4.8 Beam Splitters and Diverters
5.4.9 Holographic Projection Screens
5.4.10 Visual Perception of Holograms
5.4.11 Keyhole Holograms
5.5 Optical Holography
5.5.1 Optical Distortion
5.5.2 Transmission Holograms
5.5.3 Reflection Holograms
5.5.4 Rainbow Holograms
5.5.5 Color Holograms
5.5.6 Multichannel Holograms
5.5.7 Holographic Stereograms
5.5.8 Digital Volumetric Holograms
5.6 Summary
6 Display Basics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental Measures
6.2.1 Resolution
6.2.2 Interlacing
6.2.3 TV Standards
6.2.4 Display Resolution and Motion
6.2.5 Brightness
6.2.6 Contrast and Dynamic Range
6.2.7 Gamma
6.2.8 Geometry
6.2.9 Angular Range
6.2.10 Speed
6.3 Color and Intensity Production
6.3.1 Color Gamut
6.3.2 Wide-Color-Gamut Displays
6.3.3 Multicolor Displays
6.3.4 Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing
6.3.5 YUV-Formats
6.3.6 Dyes and Filters
6.3.7 Light Sources
6.3.8 Luminescent vs. Light Valve Displays
6.3.9 Test Pictures
6.4 Signal and Image Processing
6.4.1 Signal Transmission
6.4.2 The Sampling Theorem
6.4.3 Tonal Resolution, Signal Noise, and Transfer Function
6.4.4 Antialiasing
6.4.5 Moire
6.4.6 Resizing
6.4.7 Noise Reduction
6.4.8 Image Compression
6.4.9 Deinterlacing
6.5 Electronics
6.5.1 Semiconductors
6.5.2 Passive Matrix Displays
6.5.3 Multiplexing and Connection
6.5.4 Active Matrix Displays
6.5.5 Smart Displays
6.6 Assembly
6.6.1 Panel Construction
6.6.2 Backlighting
6.6.3 Antireflective Coatings
6.6.4 Touch Screens
6.6.5 Flexible Electronics
6.6.6 Transparent Electronics
6.6.7 Printed Displays
6.7 Power Consumption
6.8 Summary

Spatial Light Modulation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transmissive Displays
7.3 Reflective Displays
7.4 Transflective Displays
7.5 Transparent Backlight Displays
7.6 Emissive Displays
7.7 Tiled Displays
7.8 High Dynamic Range Displays
7.9 Bidirectional Displays
7.10 Projection Displays
7.11 Summary

8 Projector-Camera Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Challenges of Non-optimized Surfaces
8.3 Geometric Registration
8.4 Radiometric Compensation
8.5 Correcting Complex Light Modulations
8.6 Overcoming Technical Limitations
8.7 Summary

9 Three-Dimensional Displays
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Three-Dimensional Displays: Basic Considerations
9.3 Spatial Stereoscopic Displays
9.4 Autostereoscopic Displays
9.5 Light-Field Displays
9.6 Computer-Generated Holograms
9.7 3D Media Encoding
9.8 Summary

10 Near-Eye Displays
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Eye Physiology
10.3 Brightness and Power Consumption
10.4 Display Technologies for Near-Eye Displays
10.5 Examples of Near-Eye Displays
10.6 Combiner Mirrors
10.7 Optics Design
10.8 On-Axis NED
10.9 Laser Displays
10.10 Smart Near-Eye Displays
10.11 Focus and Accommodation
10.12 Light Field NED
10.13 Holographic Image Generation for NED
10.14 Advanced HOE Designs
10.15 Contact Lens Displays
10.16 Adaptive Displays and Eye Tracking
10.17 Image Integration
10.18 Summary

11 Discussion and Outlook
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Next Steps in Display Technology
11.3 A Short Reflection on Displays
11.4 Brain-Computer Interfaces -- The Ultimate Solution?
11.5 Conclusion

Appendix (2nd edition): Perceptual Display Calibration (by Rafa l K. Mantiuk)
1 Display Models'
2 Visual Display Calibration
3 Contrast Sensitivity
4 Quantization and Bit-Depth
5 Summary

Appendix (1st edition): Image Processing for Displays (by Anselm Grundhöfer)
A. The Fixed-Function Graphics Pipeline
B. The Programmable Graphics Pipeline
C. Graphics Hardware
D. GPU Programming Languages
E. An Introduction to GPU Programming by Example
F. The Swiss Army Knife of GPU Image Processing

Bibliography

Index

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